Renovations aren’t just about the here and now; they’re also about preparing for the future. As families grow and evolve, it’s crucial that your home evolves with you. This might mean reconfiguring rooms to accommodate multiple generations, adding features that promote sustainability and energy efficiency, or upgrading infrastructure to ensure reliable heating, cooling, and electricity. The process, of course, can become quite involved, requiring the coordination of numerous trades and professionals—from custom home builders who can expand your square footage to local plumbing experts who can rework bathroom layouts. While the prospect may appear daunting, the payoff is often well worth the effort, rewarding you with a space that is cozy, safe, and functional for everyone.
Below, we’ll explore several family-friendly home renovation ideas that are especially relevant for the upcoming year. These tips take into account modern design trends, growing environmental concerns, and advanced technology options. With thoughtful planning, smart material selection, and a focus on both style and practicality, you can transform your home into a welcoming retreat that meets the evolving needs of your household. Take a look at these family-oriented improvements and discover which ones might be the right fit for your own living situation.
1. Creating an Open-Concept Main Floor for Family Time
One of the most significant changes in home design over the past decade has been the shift toward open-concept living areas. Families are increasingly drawn to layouts that merge the kitchen, dining room, and living room into one cohesive space. This arrangement can encourage more interaction between family members and simplify supervision of young children. By removing or repositioning walls, you also maximize the flow of natural light, making the area feel bright and welcoming.
Before embarking on such a renovation, you’ll want to consult professionals—potentially even custom home builders if your project is extensive. They can help determine which walls are load-bearing, whether additional support beams are needed, and how best to integrate any new features you desire, such as a large kitchen island or built-in shelving. While open-concept designs often call for fewer barriers, careful attention to zoning is still beneficial. Strategically placing furniture can help define separate “zones” for cooking, eating, and relaxing, ensuring the space remains organized despite its openness.
As you plan your open-concept floor, you might consider upgrading your HVAC systems or contracting ac repair services if your current setup is outdated. Removing walls can change how air circulates, so it’s essential to ensure your heating and cooling system can handle the new layout. Large, unsegmented spaces often require uniform temperatures to keep all occupants comfortable. An energy-efficient system that can adjust to different zones will be highly beneficial. This renovation can also be an ideal time to replace older insulation or drafty windows, thereby reducing energy costs and promoting a more environmentally friendly home.
With a well-designed open floor plan, parents can keep an eye on kids doing homework at the dining table while cooking in the kitchen, and everyone can gather comfortably in the living area for family board game nights or movie marathons. As family needs change—children grow up, parents may begin to work from home—the flexibility of an open-concept space continues to be a major advantage, allowing you to reconfigure furniture or add modular storage as required. The key is balancing openness with subtle delineations that keep the layout functional, cozy, and family-friendly for years to come.
2. Designing a Kid-Centric (But Stylish) Kitchen
If the kitchen is the heart of any home, it’s even more so when you have a busy family under one roof. From early-morning breakfasts to late-night snacks, the kitchen often becomes a central gathering point. That’s why a family-friendly design—one that merges safety, style, and efficiency—is crucial. Begin by choosing durable materials that can withstand spills, stains, and heavy use. Quartz countertops, for example, resist scratches and require little maintenance, making them an excellent choice for families with active kids.
Flooring selection is equally important. Hard, slippery floors might pose risks for little ones who love to run around, while softer, cushioned materials—like vinyl or cork—can provide a safer surface in case of tumbles. Keeping children’s needs in mind also extends to layout. If space allows, installing a lower countertop or a dedicated area where kids can help with baking or crafts promotes family bonding and fosters independence. This can double as a homework station as kids get older.
With children in the mix, you might look into installing touchless faucets or easy-to-operate fixtures—these can help improve hygiene and reduce water waste. If you suspect your existing pipes might be older or prone to leaks, a consultation with local plumbing professionals can save you from unexpected issues down the road. They can upgrade worn-out fixtures, check your water pressure, and ensure your new kitchen’s layout is fully compatible with modern plumbing standards. Additional family-friendly features include built-in trash and recycling bins, well-placed cabinetry for snack storage, and hidden charging stations to keep electronic devices off valuable counter space.
In terms of aesthetics, don’t shy away from bright colors or playful accents. Your kitchen can still exude sophistication through sleek hardware, stylish lighting fixtures, or modern appliances, while quirky wallpaper or colorful backsplash tiles bring in a dash of fun. In short, a kid-friendly kitchen for 2025 doesn’t mean sacrificing style. It means seamlessly blending practical, safety-conscious choices with design elements that speak to a warm, family-oriented atmosphere.
3. Transforming the Basement Into a Multifunctional Haven
A finished basement can offer a fantastic opportunity to expand your home’s livable space without necessitating a full addition. Whether you envision a playroom for younger children, a cozy teen hangout, or a family media center, the basement can serve as a versatile canvas. A basement contractor who specializes in remodeling can help you navigate potential pitfalls such as moisture issues, subfloor insulation, or low ceilings. With the right approach, you can turn what might be a dark, underutilized area into one of the most popular spots in the house.
One of the first considerations is moisture mitigation. Basements are notorious for dampness, which can lead to mold and mildew growth. Installing proper insulation, sealing leaks, and adding a vapor barrier are key steps in ensuring a healthy environment. You may also opt for a dehumidifier or improved ventilation. Once the space is sufficiently waterproofed, you can explore flooring options. Carpeting can bring warmth to a basement, but if you’re concerned about potential flooding, you might prefer tile or water-resistant vinyl paired with cozy area rugs.
Since basements often lack natural lighting, focus on a layered approach that includes recessed overhead lights, wall sconces, and perhaps daylight-mimicking LED bulbs to create an inviting ambience. Depending on your budget and your family’s preferences, you can partition the basement into several zones: a home theater section with plush seating, a small reading nook, a craft corner for younger children, or even a mini gym. If you have older children, you might set aside space for gaming consoles or board game tables.
Storage solutions also become important in a multifunctional basement. You’ll likely need closed cabinetry for storing toys, board games, or crafts, plus shelving for media collections. If the basement includes a bathroom or wet bar, you’ll want to ensure local plumbing experts have checked the lines for proper drainage and venting. With strategic planning and quality workmanship, a basement renovation can give your family much-needed elbow room, boosting your home’s overall function and value in the process.
4. Making the Most of Your Outdoor Space
When warmer months roll around, family life often shifts outdoors. Having a well-designed yard or patio area can encourage kids to play outside more and provide a venue for family gatherings, barbecues, or even tranquil evenings under the stars. To start, assess the layout of your existing yard. Where does the sun spend most of the day? Which spots remain in shade? Understanding these patterns helps you decide where to place seating, plan gardens, or build any new structures.
You might consider installing a deck or patio if you don’t already have one. A wooden deck can be a perfect spot for alfresco dining, while a paved patio might be more suitable for heavy foot traffic or large outdoor furniture. If your family loves swimming, pool installers can turn a portion of your yard into a refreshing oasis—but be sure to follow local safety regulations, such as installing fences or gates to keep unsupervised children out of the water. Local fence contractors can help you choose materials, heights, and designs that complement your property while meeting safety codes.
Beyond big-ticket installations, smaller upgrades can also elevate your outdoor living experience. Lawn care services are invaluable for keeping grass lush and weed-free, especially if you have limited time. Landscape elements—like flowerbeds, shrubs, or raised garden boxes—add color and interest, while also giving children a place to learn about plants and gardening. Invest in quality outdoor seating and shaded areas, like a pergola or retractable awning, so you can lounge outside comfortably even under the midday sun.
Lighting plays a pivotal role in extending outdoor fun after dark. Outdoor lighting services can set up low-voltage landscape lights along walkways or highlight key features like a water fountain or flower garden. String lights or LED lanterns add a cozy touch, making your patio feel like an extension of your indoor living space. The possibilities are endless, and with thoughtful planning, you can turn your backyard into a child-friendly, inviting retreat that supports family activities long after the sun sets.
5. Upgrading HVAC and Improving Indoor Air Quality
Indoor air quality is crucial for every household, but it’s especially important when you have children who might be more sensitive to dust, allergens, or temperature fluctuations. An outdated or poorly maintained heating and cooling system can lead to inconsistent temperatures, higher energy bills, and reduced comfort. As you plan for family-friendly home updates, investing in a more efficient HVAC system can benefit everyone under your roof.
Start by scheduling a professional inspection to gauge whether you need a full replacement or just a tune-up. Ac repair specialists can clean or replace air filters, check for refrigerant leaks, and ensure fans are working optimally. If your current system is nearing the end of its lifespan, consider upgrading to a high-efficiency model. These newer units often feature variable-speed blowers and smart thermostats, which allow for more precise temperature control. Zoning systems can also divide your home into distinct areas, so you can cool or heat rooms based on occupancy and preference.
Another way to improve air quality is by incorporating whole-house air purifiers or humidity controllers. Proper humidity levels can reduce mold and mildew, while advanced air filters capture dust, pollen, and even airborne viruses. If your family has individuals with allergies or respiratory issues, these features can make a significant difference in daily comfort. Adding ceiling fans in bedrooms or living areas can further optimize airflow and keep rooms feeling fresh.
In tandem with HVAC improvements, pay attention to any local plumbing updates that might be relevant—especially if you’re dealing with older pipes prone to leaks. A leak that leads to moisture in walls or ceilings can compromise air quality, creating an environment ripe for mold growth. By addressing potential plumbing and ventilation issues together, you’re taking a comprehensive approach to maintaining a healthier indoor environment. The result is a more comfortable home that supports your family’s well-being, season after season.
6. Crafting a Comfortable Multi-Generational Living Space
In many modern households, it’s becoming more common for multiple generations to live under one roof. Perhaps aging parents have moved in, or you’re preparing to accommodate boomerang kids returning from college. Whatever the reason, designing spaces that work for different age groups can be both practical and enriching. Consider how accessible each area of your home is. Do you have the space to carve out a separate in-law suite, or can you reconfigure an existing room to serve as a semi-private living area?
If you have the opportunity to build an addition or convert unused rooms, custom home builders can help you design a layout that ensures privacy while maintaining a sense of togetherness. In-law suites typically include a bedroom, bathroom, and sometimes a kitchenette, allowing older family members more autonomy. Wide hallways and doorways can accommodate wheelchairs or walkers if mobility becomes an issue. Lever-style door handles, rather than round knobs, are generally easier for older hands to grip.
Bathrooms are another crucial area in multi-generational homes. Grab bars, curbless showers, and built-in seats can make bathing safer for older adults. At the same time, these features remain convenient for younger family members. If you’re renovating a larger bathroom or adding a new one, consult local plumbing experts about installing thermostatic mixing valves, which stabilize water temperature and reduce the risk of scalding.
Even shared communal areas can be designed with accessibility in mind. Choosing slip-resistant flooring in hallways, installing adequate lighting, and ensuring door thresholds are easy to navigate all contribute to a more inclusive home. While these renovations do require investment, they can bring peace of mind and help your family stay together comfortably in one residence for years to come.
7. Creating Cozy, Functional Bedrooms for Every Age
Bedrooms act as personal sanctuaries, especially for growing children who need a retreat that reflects their evolving interests. Designing bedrooms that combine style, comfort, and functionality is key to keeping every family member happy. Whether you’re decorating a nursery for a newborn or revamping a teenager’s room, consider how layout, storage, and décor can adapt over time.
Start with the basics: paint and flooring. Neutral wall colors offer flexibility, allowing you to switch up décor without repainting every few years. Hardwood or laminate floors are easier to clean than carpeting, but area rugs can add warmth and softness for toddlers who spend a lot of time on the floor. Adequate insulation and window treatments improve energy efficiency and help maintain a quiet space for rest. If your children are older, they might appreciate the autonomy of choosing a color accent wall or selecting decorative elements that align with their interests.
Storage can be a game-changer. Built-in closets or shelving keep clothes, toys, and school supplies organized. For younger kids, consider toy chests or accessible cubbies that encourage tidiness. For teens, think about adding a desk or study nook. If you share a home office space with your child’s room, ensure each zone is distinct—perhaps use a room divider or different rugs to differentiate the areas. For maximum adaptability, choose furniture that can “grow” with your child—like beds that expand or modular shelving units that can be reconfigured as needs change.
Good lighting is also crucial. Layered lighting—overhead fixtures, task lamps, and ambient lighting—allows for multiple activities, from reading to game time. If electrical wiring needs updating for new fixtures, licensed electricians can ensure everything is up to code. Renovating bedrooms might seem like a smaller project compared to redoing an entire kitchen or adding a deck, but these intimate spaces can significantly influence daily life and family happiness.
8. Installing Energy-Efficient Windows and Doors
Energy efficiency is more than just a trend—it’s become an essential consideration for many homeowners looking to reduce their carbon footprint while saving money on utility bills. One of the most impactful ways to accomplish this is through upgrading windows and doors. Old, drafty windows can waste a considerable amount of heat in winter and cool air in summer, leading to skyrocketing energy costs. By installing modern, double- or triple-pane windows, you can significantly improve your home’s insulation.
Additionally, well-made exterior doors reduce air leakage. Steel or fiberglass doors often feature thermal insulation layers, while high-quality weatherstripping ensures a tight seal. Replacing or upgrading sliding patio doors, which can be a major source of drafts, also makes a noticeable difference. Alongside these changes, evaluate whether your home’s existing door frames are aligned properly. Even the most efficient door loses its effectiveness if installed incorrectly. Well-fitted windows and doors not only stabilize interior temperatures but also help to reduce noise pollution from outside—a bonus for busy neighborhoods.
Another often-overlooked consideration is window treatment and orientation. If you’re planning an extensive renovation, you might even explore repositioning certain windows to take advantage of natural light and passive solar heating. This could reduce daytime lighting needs and help warm your home during cooler months. Keep in mind that large, south-facing windows can overheat rooms during summer, so incorporating features like exterior shading or tinted glass may be wise.
When combined with other energy-saving renovations—like improved insulation or a modern HVAC system—energy-efficient windows and doors can drastically cut household energy consumption. The result is not just a greener home, but a more comfortable one—no more cold drafts or hot spots—plus potential incentives or rebates if your municipality offers them for energy-efficient upgrades.
9. Setting Up a Practical Mudroom or Entryway
Busy families know the chaos that often unfolds at the front (or back) door—shoes piled up, backpacks strewn around, jackets thrown on the nearest chair. To keep your household organized, consider dedicating or revamping a small area as a mudroom or entryway drop zone. Even if you have limited space, strategic design choices can tame clutter and ensure smooth comings and goings.
Start by identifying a logical entry point—often it’s near the garage door or the backyard entrance. You’ll want sturdy, easy-to-clean flooring since mud, wet boots, and dripping umbrellas will all pass through. Tile or linoleum are great options; you can also place a weather-resistant mat near the entrance to catch debris. Next, think about storage. Hooks at varying heights accommodate both kids’ and adults’ coats, while built-in cubbies and benches with compartments can store shoes, sports equipment, and pet supplies. If you can install overhead cabinets, they provide a discreet place to stow away seasonal gear like hats and gloves.
Lighting plays a crucial role in functional design. Sufficient overhead or wall-mounted fixtures allow everyone to quickly find what they need. You might also consider motion sensor lights for hands-free convenience, especially if the area is dim or prone to clutter. If electricity in that corner of the house needs updating for the new lighting arrangement, electricians can make sure the wiring is safe and up to code.
A functional mudroom doesn’t have to be dreary. Adding family photos, fun wallpaper, or a chalkboard wall for reminders and grocery lists can inject personality into the space. The key is balancing efficiency with aesthetics so that this transitional area remains welcoming and clean, simplifying morning routines and giving your family a little slice of organization each day.
10. Upgrading Water Heaters and Considering Tankless Options
Warm showers in the morning, clean dishes after dinner—hot water is an everyday necessity for families. If you’re renovating or simply looking to improve your home’s energy performance, consider upgrading your water heater. Traditional tank-based models can be inefficient if they’re older or larger than your household needs. On the other hand, newer tankless systems heat water on demand, minimizing the energy waste of constantly keeping stored water hot.
Before making a switch, consult local plumbing experts who can evaluate your current setup, determine the needed water capacity, and advise on whether a gas or electric tankless model is more suitable. Tankless units require enough fuel supply (gas) or sufficient electrical capacity, so some older homes need an electrical panel upgrade or changes to gas lines to accommodate them. While the upfront costs can be higher, the long-term savings on utility bills often justify the investment.
If a tankless model isn’t a fit, you can still benefit from a more modern storage water heater. Some newer tank-based systems use insulation technology to maintain water temperature efficiently, while advanced digital displays allow you to set precise temperatures. Insulating your existing water heater and pipes is another relatively low-cost way to cut back on heat loss.
In busy households, running out of hot water at inconvenient times is all too common. By selecting a system sized properly for your family, you minimize those cold shower surprises and ensure everyone has the hot water they need—whether it’s for laundry, dishwashing, or a relaxing end-of-day soak.
11. Planning for Standby Power and Emergency Preparedness
Power outages can create havoc, especially when you have a household full of family members with different needs. Investing in backup power solutions can provide peace of mind and keep your routine running smoothly—even when your main electrical supply is down. Generator installations and repairs have become increasingly popular in areas prone to storms or unreliable grid connections. A standby generator that kicks in automatically during an outage can power essential appliances, heating systems, and even medical equipment if necessary.
While portable generators are cost-effective for short-term solutions, a permanently installed standby system offers greater convenience and reliability. You’ll need to factor in fuel type (natural gas, propane, or diesel) and location restrictions, as some homeowners’ associations have guidelines about noise or exhaust. If you decide to go this route, professional electricians can handle the complex wiring and ensure that it integrates safely with your home’s electrical panel.
Having backup power doesn’t just mean lights and refrigeration. If your family depends on electronic communication devices or works from home, a generator can sustain internet modems, computers, or charging stations for mobile phones and tablets. This can be critical in prolonged outages, especially if you need to contact loved ones or emergency services. For maximum safety, combine your generator system with surge protectors to guard sensitive electronics against power spikes when electricity is restored.
While a standby generator is undoubtedly a larger investment, the resilience it provides can be invaluable. From storing perishable foods safely to keeping your HVAC system running, a reliable backup power source ensures your home remains functional, no matter what challenges the local grid faces. For families prioritizing security and comfort, installing a generator can be a transformative improvement.
12. Introducing a Home Office or Study Nook
With the rise of remote work and online learning, having dedicated workspaces at home is more important than ever. If you’re tight on square footage, consider setting up a study nook in a hallway alcove, under the stairs, or even as part of a larger family room. Having a clearly defined workspace can help children focus on homework and give adults a place to manage bills, plan schedules, or work from home without distraction.
Ideally, your office or study area should have access to natural light. Good lighting—both natural and artificial—can boost productivity and reduce eye strain. This might mean strategically placing a desk near a window or adding track lighting or desk lamps to brighten a dim corner. If your chosen spot is distant from existing electrical outlets, you might require help from electricians to install new outlets or ensure the wiring can support multiple computers, printers, and other devices.
Storage solutions like bookshelves, floating shelves, or even built-in cabinets help reduce clutter, keeping the workspace streamlined. As children grow older, a well-organized environment can encourage good study habits. Quiet, efficient ventilation is also essential, especially if you’re working with heavy-duty electronics or if the space tends to run warm. Consider linking this area to a zoning system within your HVAC setup, ensuring comfort without affecting the rest of the home.
When well-designed, a home office or study nook can be more than just a place to get tasks done—it can become a center for creativity and learning. Personal touches like pinboards, inspirational artwork, or a cozy reading corner can motivate kids and adults alike to spend productive time in the space. By integrating thoughtful design and technology, you create a calm, functional area conducive to professional and academic success.
13. Adding a Sunroom or Enclosed Porch
If your family loves the outdoors but wants protection from bugs, temperature swings, or inclement weather, a sunroom or enclosed porch might be the ideal addition. These versatile spaces allow you to enjoy the surrounding landscape almost year-round. On mild days, open windows let in gentle breezes, and when it’s chilly, close them up and stay cozy indoors while still taking in a panoramic view of your yard.
Designing a sunroom starts with deciding how you’ll use it. Will it be a casual lounge area, a playroom brimming with natural light, or perhaps an indoor garden for plants that need a bit of extra warmth? Depending on your choice, you may want to run electrical lines for fans, entertainment systems, or accent lighting. This is another scenario where electricians can ensure proper wiring and safe installation of fixtures.
Selecting the right windows and insulation helps regulate temperatures. Double-pane windows are common, but you can also opt for specialty glass designed to keep out harsh UV rays or maintain heat during winter. Integrating the sunroom with your home’s HVAC system requires planning—if it’s not already included in your main heating and cooling network, you can consider separate climate control options, like a ductless mini-split system. This ensures the space stays comfortable without overloading your existing HVAC.
A sunroom or enclosed porch often becomes a favorite spot for family gatherings or quiet mornings with a cup of coffee. If your property includes a scenic view, the sunroom maximizes it in all weather conditions. From hosting Sunday brunches to watching kids play in the yard, this addition blends the outdoors with the indoors, adding a cozy, light-filled space that can quickly become the heart of your home.
14. Incorporating Child-Proofing and Safety Features
Safety is paramount in any family home, especially for those with babies or toddlers constantly exploring new corners of the house. Child-proofing may seem like a temporary inconvenience, but it can prevent accidents and offer peace of mind as your kids develop their motor skills. Begin by assessing obvious hazards—like sharp corners on coffee tables or open staircases—and address them with corner guards or safety gates. Drawer and cabinet latches help keep little hands away from kitchen tools or cleaning supplies, while door knob covers can reduce the risk of unsupervised forays into off-limit areas.
Staircases deserve special attention. Besides installing sturdy gates at the top and bottom, check that your handrail is secure and at a height accessible to younger family members. You might also consider slip-resistant treads if the stairs are made of wood or another smooth material. If your home includes a second level or a balcony, ensuring that railings meet modern safety codes—particularly gap spacing—is crucial.
Electrical outlets are another big concern. Child-proof outlet covers prevent youngsters from inserting objects into the sockets. For larger appliances and heavy furniture, anchoring them to the wall can prevent tipping hazards. If you’re making larger-scale renovations, this might also be a good time to consider more modern, integrated safety features. For example, an updated security system can offer real-time alerts and let you monitor areas via cameras. Outdoor lighting services can illuminate potential trip hazards and discourage intruders.
As children grow, you can remove or adjust these measures. However, establishing a safe environment from the start gives everyone a greater sense of freedom—and spares you from constantly worrying about hidden dangers. Many child-proofing features also benefit households with pets or older family members who may have mobility concerns, further ensuring a safe and welcoming home for all.
15. Embracing Outdoor Kitchens and Alfresco Dining
Families who love entertaining or simply savoring meals under the open sky may find an outdoor kitchen transformative. This space can be as simple as a built-in grill with counters or as elaborate as a fully equipped mini-kitchen complete with a sink, refrigerator, and storage cabinets. An outdoor kitchen encourages the family to spend more time in the fresh air, promotes healthier lifestyles, and creates a delightful setting for special occasions or casual weeknight meals.
When planning an outdoor kitchen, start by choosing a location that offers some degree of shelter from wind or rain. You might build a roofed pavilion or position the kitchen near the house for easy access to utilities. Waterproof or weather-resistant materials are crucial—stainless steel cabinetry, for instance, holds up well against the elements. The layout should include ample counter space for food prep and a seating or dining area. Lawn care services can help keep the surrounding grass or landscaping immaculate, further enhancing the outdoor dining experience.
You’ll likely require water hookups for a sink, so consulting local plumbing professionals is beneficial to ensure your system meets local codes and functions well. If you plan to add a mini-fridge or electric grill, you’ll need adequate electrical connections, possibly requiring an upgrade handled by electricians. Don’t forget about lighting—especially if you envision using the space after sunset. A combination of task lighting over the cooking area and ambient lighting for the dining spot can create a warm, inviting environment.
An outdoor kitchen can even dovetail with other backyard enhancements, such as a swimming pool installed by pool installers, a custom patio layout, or improved landscaping borders constructed by local fence contractors. Everything works together to cultivate an outdoor haven perfect for family gatherings. By blending functionality, style, and the natural environment, you create a unique extension of your living space that encourages quality time in the open air.
Renovating your home for a growing or evolving family in 2025 is about more than just adding square footage. It’s an opportunity to rethink layouts, adopt new technologies, and optimize every inch of your living area for convenience, safety, and enjoyment. From creating open-concept main floors that bring everyone together to adding specialized areas like home offices, sunrooms, or multi-generational suites, each renovation can make a long-lasting, positive impact on your household.
Ensuring your home remains comfortable and healthy often involves upgrading key infrastructure. Local plumbing projects keep bathrooms and kitchens running smoothly, while reliable HVAC systems—backed by ac repair specialists—maintain consistent indoor temperatures year-round. Having a standby generator from experts in generator installations and repairs provides peace of mind during power outages, and skilled electricians can handle the intricate wiring challenges that come with modern devices and lighting fixtures.
